When developing medical devices, figuring out what level of risk is acceptable comes down to balancing patient safety, technology, and costs. It involves doing a risk-benefit analysis, applying the ALARP principle (reducing risk as much as reasonably possible), and using different safety measures like design features, alarms, and training. Getting input from experts and stakeholders helps, and ongoing risk management and post-market monitoring let you adjust things based on real-world data. Keeping clear documentation of how risks are assessed and why they’re accepted is key for meeting FDA requirements and standards like ISO 14971.

There are ISO and FDA standards that frame how risk management should be handled when it comes to medical devices. According to ISO 14971, risk analysis should include identifying potential hazards and estimate associated risks, risk control should include implementing measures to reduce risk (or ALARP), and residual risk evaluation comes after applying controls. Residual risk evaluation assesses whether or not the risks that remain after all prior steps have been followed are acceptable in comparison with the benefits of the device. If a risk is deemed acceptable, it must be proven that the benefits of the device outweigh its minimum risk level. The FDA follows a similar structure, but places more emphasis on patient outcomes. The FDA frameworks takes into account factors such as quality of like and magnitude of clinical benefits in its approval process. The FDA also requires real-world evidence that the device provides benefits outweighing its risks, including clinical data.

To determine the acceptable level of risk, it's important to follow the Risk Management Process. First, do a Risk Analysis and Estimation to list the possible risks of the device for the analysis, and estimate their possibilities and severity for the estimation. Then, you must compare your estimated risk to the given criteria to determine its acceptability during the risk evaluation. During the Risk Assessment, you can use tools such as FMEA to assess and evaluate the acceptability of risk, and determine how to manage it and what steps to do to minimize or take away the risk. 

I find that there is residual risk in any medical device just like how there is always risk when you have a surgery or a procedure. There are infinite possibilities when thinking about the potential risks in a medical device, and unfortunately in some cases, what is not known... is not known. By having risk management, this is decreased to slim chances of risks but with always developing technology, something may pop up in the near or far future. I feel as though acceptance, as talked about in the lecture, to a very tiny bit of risk is sometimes needed to progress in this day and age.

I think the greatest tool you have in this case is historical data. In most cases, unless your product is truly revolutionary, there should be at least a few devices that have gone through the entire development cycle and have been out on the market. Taking statistics like failure and success rate of these similar devices should give you some idea of what to expect for your device, and you should be able to defend your position to agencies like the FDA if your risk numbers align with others.

i believe that determining the acceptable level of residual risk requires clear criteria aligned with ISO 14971 and patient safety expectations. A risk-benefit analysis is crucial to justify that the device’s benefits outweigh residual risks. Risk assessments should use tools like FMEA or FTA to evaluate and prioritize risks systematically. Residual risks are mitigated through design improvements, safeguards, or user training until they are as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP). Decisions are informed by cross-functional teams that consider patient safety, technological feasibility, and financial impacts. Post-market surveillance data of similar devices can guide acceptable risk levels based on real-world performance. Regulatory justifications require comprehensive documentation of risk evaluations, controls, and acceptance rationales. Visual tools like risk matrices are used to communicate residual risks effectively to regulators. Patient-centered approaches prioritize reducing risks related to severity and likelihood of harm. Continuous post-market monitoring ensures that residual risks remain acceptable and compliant with regulatory expectations.

I think a good way to decided what levels of residual risk is acceptable is to create a quantifiable way to measure it, instead of leaving it up to opinions. The scale would make it clearer for how often the event of harm could happen and how rare its occurrences are. Then there would be a decision on how much the chance of harm is acceptable before moving on. This risk analysis would be conducted with regulatory standards in mind, giving everyone some reference point and guideline they can follow when determining risk. What do you think the best way would be to quantify risk? 

Certain risks in medical device development can be mitigated but not eliminated. After the risk management plan is executed, the risk management team must measure the effectiveness of their plan. Residual risk refers to the remaining risk after strategies have been applied, thereby emphasizing how risk persists even to a small degree. Residual risk can be determined by subtracting the mitigation controls from the risk before any tools are applied, also known as inherent risk. Residual risk can also be calculated by multiplying severity by probability. During post-market surveillance, the risk management team can use its data for the risk management process, including CAPAs, complaints, internal audit reports, and non-conformance records. This information can be used additionally for similar products during the early stages of their design development. Acceptable levels of risk depend on whether the user is capable of identifying the failure, which may not always be the case, and that helps the company. Furthermore, a risk may be acceptable when the process or customer can overcome it without any performance loss.