I agree and like all of the above examples of verification and validation for different projects. Over the summer I worked on patient specific cut guides used for total ankle replacements. Just by the name, you can tell that verification itself would not be sufficient, and there would be a substantial amount of validation. One aspect of verification was determining how to test the accuracy of the 3D printed device, as it was quite a complex geometry. For example, how do you know that the inside of the pin holes surface is smooth, and an error that occurred within printing won’t prevent the pin from being inserted? The pin holes are essential for keeping the cut guides in place, so the inspection process must be very thorough. As you can imagine, there are endless tests for V&V, and no detail can be overlooked.