An example of a hazard in a hazardous situation that could cause specific harm would be in a laboratory setting where someone mishandles a deadly virus.  One example that comes to mind is the COVID-19 pandemic.  Some believe that a science working in a laboratory in China was bitten by a mouse carrying the virus that causes COVID.  The worker later contracted the virus.  Precautions should have been taken to avoid a situation like this from happening.  As we are now aware, the consequences could be detrimental. 

I'm currently a firefighter, so my job entails being around many hazards such as spilled diesel fuel all over the road, blood, infected needles, heavy smoke, flames, raging rivers, bio waste, covid 19, etc. I've been through it all and I have been lucky to make it through alive. I think the only hazardous situation that I was extremely scared and almost panicked was a chemical fire at a place called Bio-Lab which was 2 years ago. I've heard nothing, but bad stories about that place because the last innocent my fire department had over there, it took them a week to put the fire out.

So as my crew and I was heading towards the innocent, I saw heavy white vapors up in the sky which is not a good sign. I got out the fire truck and met with the other crews. They assigned me to go inside the building and bring a heavy nozzle to a crew who were already inside fighting the fire. Sounds simple, right? NOPE! I masked up in full PPE gear and went inside the building. Inside the warehouse building looked like I was in the abyss. Everything was dark and grey. All I heard was yelling as I was searching for the crew I was assigned to. I started to panic because I couldn't see anything, and I knew if I pulled off my mask then the vapors would burn my lungs completely. So, in order to keep myself calm and collected, I started to randomly play Aladdin "A Whole New World" in my head. I don't know why I had that song played in my head, but it worked for some reason.

I eventually found the crew and gave them the heavy nozzle they thought they needed. Once I did, I Usain Bolt up out that building. A little while later, we found out the chemical substance that was burning was chlorine and it was reactive to water, so all of us was making it worst. We tried to contain that fire, but we all were getting exhausted, so we had to be decon and send home. It took my fire department 48 hrs to finally contain the fire in a safe zone. I-20 shut down and we were on the Fox 5 News. I will never go back to Bio Lab again.  

As an example of a hazard in a hazardous situation with specific harm would be sterile equipment contaminated if it is not packed properly or handled incorrectly in the environment, resulting in microorganisms that can cause illness. Using this gadget or carrying it with them can expose the patient to these infectious agents in a risky situation.

An example of a hazard could be an electrical hazard. An electrical hazard can create a hazardous situation if one is exposed to electricity or something along the lines of wires that are connected to a circuit or power cables. An example of a hazardous situation could be cords to a machine that requires electric power that are not properly wrapped. The machine in located in an area where there is a lot of water, facets, and water bottles that are often left behind. A janitor comes by to clean up the area and finds nothing wrong with the area, although they're exposed to an electrical hazard. The janitor leans to clean up the area and finds that they are shocked when trying to clean around the machine.

Below are a few examples, according to the CDC, on how to avoid electrical hazards both in your home and elsewhere:

• Never touch a fallen power line. Call the power company to report fallen power lines.
• Avoid contact with overhead power lines during cleanup and other activities.
• Do not drive through standing water if downed power lines are in the water.
• If a power line falls across your car while you are driving, stay inside the vehicle and continue to drive away from the line. If the engine stalls, do not turn off the ignition. Warn people not to touch the car or the line. Call or ask someone to call the local utility company and emergency services. Do not allow anyone other than emergency personnel to approach your vehicle.
• If electrical circuits and electrical equipment have gotten wet or are in or near water, turn off the power at the main breaker or fuse on the service panel. Do not enter standing water to access the main power switch. Call an electrician to turn it off.
• Never turn power on or off yourself or use an electric tool or appliance while standing in water. Do not turn the power back on until electrical equipment has been inspected by a qualified electrician. All electrical equipment and appliances must be completely dry before returning them to service. Have a certified electrician check these items if there is any question.
• If you see frayed wiring or sparks when you restore power, or if there is an odor of something burning but no visible fire, you should immediately shut off the electrical system at the main circuit breaker.
• Consult your utility company about using electrical equipment, including power generators. Do not connect generators to your home’s electrical circuits without the approved, automatic-interrupt devices. If a generator is on line when electrical service is restored, it can become a major fire hazard and it may endanger line workers helping to restore power in your area.

An example of a scenario in which a hazardous situation resulted in a specific harm would be found in the University of Chicago Microbiologist Infected From Possible Lab Accident Article. This workplace related infection could have in fact been avoided. Considering that the researcher did not appear to come into close contact with the Bacillus cereus, which has the potential to cause foodborne related illnesses, until they were working with until they were working  in a lab where other researchers were working with this particular stain in the lab, it is the opinion of the writer that there may have been one simple mistake that the researcher didn’t enforce that may have resulted in their sickness.  Based on the information from the article, the researcher may have developed the illness due to exposure from an open wound. This is important considering that this illness due as long as the proper protocols, such as hand washing are enforced. If the researcher was aware that she had an open wound, then she maybe should not have been working in the lab for the sake of not allowing a potential infection to develop. If the researcher did not have an open wound and simply did not follow proper protocol, this could have also resulted in an infection.

Additionally, another case found within the article involved a researcher being negatively impacted by a particular strain of bacteria that they were using in the lab would be the geneticists who died after having close contact with the weakened strain of Yersinia pestis. Although the researcher did have a pre-existing health condition, the article also mentioned that the researcher did not consistently use gloves while working in the lab. In this case he increased his chance of direct exposure and as a result of his pre-existing illness, the new infection caused further damage, which resulted in his death. Ultimately, based on the information that was gathered after learning about the incidents discussed in the article, it was determined that the researchers in both cases did not use a select agent, which would have aided in the proper cleanliness if there was a minor spill or incident within the lab. Many times, if a person is working in a lab and they do not properly cleanse their station prior to beginning their own experiment, this could ultimately result in contamination considering that the researcher who may have been working in that same workspace.

SL1 incident

hazard- nuclear hazard

On January 3, 1961, Idaho Falls personnel were reattaching control rods to their driving mechanisms that they had detached earlier in the day to allow equipment insertion into the reactor core. Instead of four inches, they raised the central control rod 20 inches, which allowed the reactor to reach criticality and surge its power by 6,000 times more than usual. As a result, the reactor vessel sprung out of the support structure as the nuclear fuel evaporated, generating a steam bubble. This steam bubble then grew and pushed water onto the reactor vessel. After striking an overhead crane, it returned to the reactor vessel. Some of the fuel and process water were released from the reactor vessel. The three employees who were on duty also suffered injuries from the blast

I found a paper (linked below) that investigates the severity of different hazards applied to hemodialysis devices. Researchers developed a list of potential harms associated with the device and worked backwards to determine hazards and hazardous situations that may lead to those harms. Some of the hazards and their corresponding hazardous situations and harms are listed below:

1. Operational Hazards: 
   1. Blood tubing ruptures or disconnections (hazardous situation) may lead to blood loss (harm)
   2. Burning of the machine (hazardous situation) may lead to burns on the patient or doctor (harm)
   3. Contact with cleaning/disinfectant chemicals (hazardous situation) may lead to chemical injury (harm)
2. Biological or Chemical Hazards:
   1. Improper disposal of hazardous material (hazardous situation) may lead to damage to the environment (harm)
   2. Blood transmissions to others (hazardous situation) may lead to infections (harm)

There’s a large list of potential hazards, hazardous situations, and harms associated with hemodialysis machines. This paper shows how much work goes into risk management and how important it is, so I encourage you to take a look at it and let me know what you think!

Paper: Multidisciplinary Evaluation for Severity of Hazards Applied to Hemodialysis Devices: An Original Risk Analysis Method (doi: 10.2215/CJN.01740210)

The most impressive hazard event for me was the cadmium poison pollution in Toyama prefecture in Japan in 1912. I still remember this event because cadmium pollution also happened near my grandfather's hometown. Cadmium is one of the stabilizers in the battery industry or coating material on the metal surface. Some small factories would release the waste directly into the river 50 years ago when my grandfather was young. But back in WW2 in Japan, the pollution of cadmium was much more severe because cadmium was just a useless subproduct in the zinc production industry. As a result, drinking water and eating rice contained cadmium higher than usual which caused bone softening and kidney failure by deactivating metal-dependent enzymes in the kidney and backstream reaction. This event encourages the Japanese government to establish environment relative laws.

In dealing with medical devices, a possible scenario where a hazard in a situation can lead to harm would be the implementation of an invasive device. A device like this can cause serious harm to the end user if it is not implemented correctly by the surgeon running the procedure. There are various tools available to be used in order to make the surgery go as smoothly as possible but these situations are always very high risk and can lead to many possible hazards. An example of a possible hazard would be if an incision went too deep and caused some kind of internal bleeding. This is a hazard in a very high-risk situation and the harm it could cause the user is catastrophic. It is important that the possible risks of this device are properly addressed and that the most effort is taken to minimize them. 

 A specific scenario that had a hazard in a hazardous situation with a specific harm that I have been a part of was during my summer internship. Working on a job site with multiple construction vehicles such as excavators and front loaders, and several power tools such as saws and drills, myself and the construction workers were always at risk of potential harm. To give a more specific scenario of a mechanical harm on a construction site is when the construction workers are digging to insert piping in the ground. There is one person who stands in the hole while the excavator continues to dig. Their job is to help direct the excavator but, this person runs the risk of the excavator potentially hitting him, dropping something on him, or hitting a wall causing dirt to cave in. This person can face some serious harms if any one of these scenarios were to occur. To help mitigate these harms, construction workers and anyone on a job site are required to where bright colored vests and hard hats. Luckily, in these hazardous situations, I have never witnessed or been harmed myself, but the risk of potential harm is always possible.

In any laboratory setting it is essential that individuals working there are wearing the proper clothing and personal protective equipment necessary with what they are doing. In the lab I work in, we work with cells which involves a lot of chemical and biological materials that if not handled properly could lead to the risk of a hazard. If any chemicals or biological materials were to be spilled this would present as a hazard since the chemical and biological materials are harmful if exposed to the body. The person who caused the spill or anyone in the presence of the spill are in hazardous situation because they could be harmed if they touched any the chemicals or biological materials or if it splashed on them. 

In situations such as these, PPE is essential because it protects the person if any accidents, such as spills or broken materials, were to occur in the lab. For instance, if any chemical or biological materials were spilled, if the person was wearing a lab coat, closed toed shoes, gloves, and goggles, then they would likely be sufficiently protected from the hazardous situation and also be equipped to clean up the spill. 

An example of a hazardous situation is the exposure to many biohazards and chemicals within the laboratory. Inside of the laboratory, professionals deal with patient samples and many different chemicals on a daily basis. When handling patient samples, professionals are trained to treat all patient samples as if they are infectious. These samples are typically delivered to the labs in tubes or on slides, however there are samples that are delivered with syringes that may potentially puncture the gloves and also puncture the skin, increasing the chances of contracting a disease or infection. There are also chemicals used within the laboratory that may cause chemical burns and irritation.

I work in a lab where we maintain biosafety strictly. If we throw hazardous waste in regular trash instead of biohazard bin, that will be risky overtime. Also there should be proper level on the bin so that it gets picked up timely.

An example of a hazard would be a malfunctioning Bunson burner in the chemical lab. Unfortunately, during the ignition process, the collar is unable to be adjusted to control the air flow. The hazardous situation that occurs would be big, open flame. The potentiality of harm would range from 1st to 3rd degree burns.